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, by Mark Riebling
Free Download , by Mark Riebling
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Product details
File Size: 1622 KB
Print Length: 383 pages
Publisher: Basic Books; 1 edition (September 29, 2015)
Publication Date: September 29, 2015
Sold by: Hachette Book Group
Language: English
ASIN: B012271SWM
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I was both surprised and enthralled by this book from the beginning. Whilst I expected the author to have a compelling argument and evidence to support his ideas, he also managed to craft a book that was interesting and kept my attention throughout.As someone who loves history, it is hard for me to pass up a title that promises to look at something from a new angle. Mark Riebling offered that, and did an excellent job of supporting his claims. I have to say, after reading this, I agree with his assessment of the situation.There was a lot I didn't know about the Pope's standpoint on the Nazi movement and the involvement of the Catholic Church, and I walked away feeling better informed after having read this.If you are a history buff, I definitely recommend that you pick this book up. You will be rewarded with the writing of an author who knows his stuff and meets a high standard of literary integrity.This review is based on a complimentary copy from the publisher, provided through Netgalley. All opinions are my own.
As someone interested in what really happened behind the scenes in World War 2, I found this book riveting and hard to put down. Using records from Germany’s Institute für Zeitgeschichte and from the Vatican Secret Archives, Church of Spies casts light on WWII covert operations and spycraft that remained in the shadows for 75 years. Perhaps most-earth shattering and historically game-changing is the proof that a modern Pope, running a vast intelligence network inside Germany, green-lighted Hitler’s assassination, something neither FDR or Churchill, so far as we know, risked their reputations to do."Church of Spies" will inspire many Catholics. It brings to life the heroic priests and ordinary faithful who did not sit on their hands, and who shed their own blood in the Pope’s high-stakes espionage to stop the Third Reich.This book will also interest students of the Holocaust. It provides new context for evaluating Pope Pius XII, who opted for quiet clandestine operations instead of loud public speeches. Although not uncritical of Pius – Riebling writes that "he should have spoken out" – the book shows the German resistance itself begged the Pope not to do or say anything publicly that would cause retribution against Catholics in Germany who were concurrently planning assassinations and coups against the Third Reich.Written with the attention to detail that one finds in Rick Atkinson's Pulitzer Prize winning World War II books, Church of Spies reads like a thriller. But the nearly 100 pages of source citations remind us that what happened here is true. And savoring that truth makes reading “Church of Spies†all the more compelling.
In 1939, the Reich began destroying the Catholic Church. "The Nazis had thwarted the Church's teachings, banned its organizations, censored its press, shuttered its seminaries, seized its properties, fired its teachers, and closed its schools." Hitler said, "The priest, as political enemy of the Germans, we shall destroy." On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. They would eventually murder 2.4 Polish Catholics. On October 20, 1939, Pope Pius XII publicly condemned Germany's attack on Jews. Then he fell silent, not using the word "Jew" again until 1945? Why?A secret group was planning to overthrow Hitler, and they asked the Pope not to make any more public protests. According to a document among President Franklin Roosevelt's papers, the coup planners urged Pius to "refrain from making any public statement singling out the Nazis" to prevent drawing attention to those plotting to overthrow Hitler.The Chief of German military intelligence (Abwehr), Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, hated Hitler for his slaughtering thousands of Polish Catholic priests. Though Hitler awarded himself the title Greatest Warlord of all time, Canaris considered him "the greatest criminal of all time." Canaris decided to conspire with the pope against Hitler. But he couldn't meet directly with the pope without raising suspicion, so he used intermediaries. Munich Cardinal Michael Faulhaber asked Monsignor Johannes Neuhausler to recruit Josef Muller, a Bavarian lawyer nicknamed Joey Ox. His "cover" was to save the Leo Haus, an insolvent holding company for Catholic media. But Muller would actually be collecting information on Nazi anti-Catholic activities. Then he would fly his little sports plane from Germany into Italy and give documents to someone in Merano who would then give them to the Pope.Muller befriended Hans Rattenhuber who commanded Hitler's bodyguard and who saw most Nazi bosses as corrupt sycophants. Admiral Canaris' office was not only the headquarters of German military intelligence, but also the headquarters of the German military opposition to Hitler. Colonel Hans Oster worked there. He wanted to remove Hitler because he persecuted the Christian churches and wanted to exterminate the Jews. He said, "A criminal like Hitler can only be removed by force." Oster kept documents about the German resistance to Hitler in a safe at Zossen. Pius, through Muller, urged Oster to destroy any papers implicating the Church in their plans. But Oster wanted to preserve proof for posterity that a Decent Germany had existed.In March 1940, the Pope established an intricate communication chain. Oster submitted yes-or-no questions to Muller, who passed them to Pius, who shared them with British ambassador D'Arcy Osborne, who cabled them to London. The British answers flowed back in reverse. The Vatican remained as the crossroads in the plot to kill Hitler. The German contact was made by Muller meeting on the roof of the Jesuit College or in obscure Roman churches with Father Robert Leiber. Leiber was the Pope's most trusted aide. He spoke to Pius twice daily and read everything that crossed his desk. He was described as "an agent for German questions" although he was never officially a member of the Vatican. He was an unofficial official, enabling him to deny involvement in whatever he did. The British contact was made by Ambassador Osborne, whose Vatican apartment was next to Monsignor Ludwig Kass. Kass was the former chairman of the now banned German Catholic Center Party. He advised Pius on German affairs while living in quiet exile as keeper of the Vatican crypt, where excavations were underway to uncover the Apostle Peter's bones. After the fall of France, when the danger of surveillance increased, Kass would meet with Muller in the depths of the vault, directly beneath the high altar of the basilica, where someone had written, Petr[os] en[i], "Peter is here within."In March 1940 Britain sent seven conditions for negotiating peace talks with "the Decent Germany", those plotting to overthrow Hitler: 1) removal of Hitler, 2) "rule of law" in Germany, 3) no war in the West, 4) Austria stays German, 5) Poland is liberated, 6) other territories self-determination by plebiscite, and 7) an armistice through the Pope.On May 10, 1940, Hitler invaded Holland and Belgium, and then France. After five days, France considered itself beaten. The Allies began a five-week retreat that would climax with the British evacuation at Dunkirk, and end with the swastika flying from the Eiffel Tower. Pius condemned the invasion's "cruelties" as "against all justice." He wanted to use stronger language, "words of fire against such actions but was restrained by his fear of making the plight of the victims worse." Even so, when he ventured out into Rome to say Mass, fascists rocked the papal limousine and yelled, "Death to the pope!"In June 1940, Italy entered the war on the German side. The Swiss guards began carrying submachine guns. Vatican engineers built air-raid shelters and a steel-armored room to protect rare books and manuscripts. The designated regent of the Decent Germany's post-Hitler regime would be retired General Ludwig Beck. He wanted to make the German resistance to Hitler more ecumenical, since it was composed primarily of Catholics. So in summer 1940, the resistance recruited Protestant theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Colonel Hans Oster's deputy, Hans von Dohnanyi, was married to Bonhoeffer's sister, Christel. Muller became Bonhoeffer's handler. He sent Bonhoeffer to the Benedictine monastery at Ettal in the Alps. Here Bonhoeffer wrote his "Ethics" in which he adopted the Catholic view on tyrannicide.Over the centuries, Catholic theologians such as Aquinas developed a doctrine of tyrannicide, where a tyrant, who either used power unjustly or seized it illegally, could be removed or assassinated. But Protestant Lutherans had objected to assassination because of the writings of St Paul who said in Romans 13, "all authority comes from God", so Hitler could not be eliminated.On January 20, 1942, SS spy chief Reinhold Heydrich chaired a meeting in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee, to plan the liquidation of European Jewry. Five weeks later, Father Piero Scavizzi reported that the Germans had begun exterminating whole populations. As a military chaplain of the Maltese Order, Scavizzi had accompanied an Italian military hospital train through occupied Poland and Russia, where conscience-stricken officers told him of the deportations into concentration camp from which few returned alive. In those camps thousands and thousands are exterminating without any judicial process. Near Auschwitz, the chaplain's informants said they could smell crematoria smoke in nauseating whiffs. When Scavizzi reported this to the pope on May 12th, Pius broke down, raised his hands to heaven, and wept like a child.When Holland's bishops issued a public condemnation, the Nazis responded by deporting 40,000 Dutch Jews. In his annual Christmas message (1942), Pius denounced the genocide, not using the words "Nazis" or "Jew", but referring to, "the many hundreds of thousands of innocents put to death, or doomed to extinction, sometimes merely because of their ethnicity." Pius wanted to use stronger language, but Father Leiber reminded him that if the Nazis responded to the Holland bishops' letter by deporting 40,000, many more lives could be lost.On Feb 18, 1943, the SS arrested two college students in Munich. Hans Scholls and his sister Sophie led a resistance cell known as the White Rose. Working at night in the woodshed behind their apartment, the Scholls printed leaflets -- "white roses" -- denouncing Hitler. They road trains to other cities, carrying the leaflets in suitcases, and mailed them in post boxes, or scattered them on streets and in railroad stations. Once, the police opened Sophie's luggage, but they did not find the leaflets hidden in her underwear. The Scholls became careless, however. In exuberant defiance, Sophie scattered handbills over the University of Munich quadrangle from a balcony. As the leaflets floated down, a janitor saw the Scholls flee. To compel Hans to betray those who supported them, the Gestapo interrogated Sophie in front of him. An SS man shoved a leaflet into his face and demanded to know who wrote it. Hans confessed that he wrote it and begged them to leave his sister alone. Four days later, in front of People's Court Judge Roland Freisler, Sophie testified that they had only written what many believed but dared not say. Freisler knew as well as they did that Germany could not win the war, she said. Why didn't he have the courage to admit it? Freisler erupted, declaring that the SS must have treated her too leniently. They should have broken every bone in her body. But he would not fail to dispense justice. Sophie declared that God's justice transcended the state's; Freisler responded by reading out the state's sentence: death. The Scholl's mother screamed and collapsed in the gallery. That day the Gestapo beheaded her children. They died without revealing their links to the Catholic resistance.June 4, 1943 was the Allied liberation of Rome. "I found myself having to hold tight to my emotions," the conquering general, Mark Clark, wrote later of his entry into Rome. "The Piazza di Venezia was jammed with a monstrous crowd, and our jeep proceeded at a snail's pace, while flowers rained upon our heads, men grabbed and kissed our hands ... I felt wonderfully good, generous, and important. I was a representative of strength, decency, and success." During the German occupation, the SS had arrested 1,007 Roman Jews and went them to Auschwitz. Fifteen survived. Over the same period, 477 Jews had hidden in Vatican City, and 4,238 received sanctuary in Roman monasteries and convents.Home Army chief of staff Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg "was sure at last in his own mind that in the assassination of Hitler he would be removing a creature actually possessed, body and soul, by the devil." On July 20, 1943, he packed his briefcase with two 975-gram lumps of plastic explosive. At a meeting of the High Command in Rastenburg, Stauffenberg positioned himself at Hitler's right. At 12:30 pm, He set down his briefcase and shoved it under the table with his leg. Then he excused himself to make a last minute phone call. When he was about 50 yards away from the barracks, there was an explosion of bluish-yellow flames from the building. Bodies went hurtling out the windows. Shards of glass, wood, and fiberboard rained down.Although his trousers were shredded and his hair singed, Hitler had sustained no traumatic injuries and lost no blood. Afterwards, Hitler told his doctor, "I am immortal! If I hadn't moved the briefing, from the concrete bunker to the wooden barracks, I'd be dead. You see, the wood frame let the explosion escape." At thirteen minutes past midnight, Stauffenberg was shot by firing squad.On Sept 22, 1943, the SS searched an Abwehr annex at Zossen. They drilled a hole into a safe and found evidence of the Vatican's role in the plots. The trove included a note on papal stationery, describing British conditions for an armistice with Germany -- listing the sine qua non as "elimination of Hitler." The Zossen papers also showed that Hitler's prospective killers had maintained connections with the Pope since the first months of the war.After Josef Muller was arrested, SS Investigator Franz Sonderegger placed Father Leiber's handwritten note about the "elimination of Hitler" on a table and told Muller he would return in three minutes. Muller tore the note into pieces and swallowed them down.On January 6, 1945, Jesuit Father Alfred Delp reflected, "Of course it will be shown eventually that the Pope did his duty and more, that he offered peace, that he explored all possibilities to bring about peace negotiations, that he proclaimed the spiritual conditions on which a just peace could be based, that he dispensed alms, and was tireless in his work on behalf of prisoners of war, displaced persons, tracing missing relatives, and so on." However, Delp continued, we overrated the Church's political influence. "It makes absolutely no difference so far as the beneficial influence of the church is concerned whether a state maintains diplomatic relations with the Church or not. The only thing that really matters is the inherent power of the Church as a religious force in the countries concerned. This is where the mistake started; religion died from various diseases, and humanity died with it."On Feb 20th, 1945, Father Alfred Delp was interrogated for conspiring to kill Adolph Hitler on July 20, 1944. The SS especially wanted to know had he conspired with the Pope. His fingers were placed in a clamp lined with spikes. When a screw was turned, spikes were driven into Delp's fingertips. When that produced no answers, he was beaten with an oak club larded with nail heads. With each blow, he fell forward on his face but refused to speak. Delp's legs were then enclosed in tubes lined with steel needles. These were slowly drawn tighter until the spikes gradually pierced his flesh. To muffle the screams, the priest's head was pushed into a metal hood and covered with a blanket. When the screams penetrated even the hood, a phonograph record of children's songs was played and the volume turned up as high as it would go. Five hours later, after Father Delp had still not implicated the Pope, a wire loop was placed around his neck and he was hung from a meat hook. The wire noose did not break his neck but merely sliced into his windpipe. He was left twitching and twisting for 25 minutes.On April 4, 1945, as Hitler made his last stand, five black, cloth-covered binders were found in a safe. Each held between 80 to 200 pages, handwritten and dated. They chronicled Nazi crimes and the attempts to stop them, prepared by Hans Dohnanyi and other Abwehr officers. They were officially titled as the "diaries" of Admiral Canaris. They were found by infantry general Walter Buhle, who had been standing near Hitler on July 20, 1944, and had been injured when Stauffenberg's bomb exploded. The diaries implicated Canaris and six of his colleagues. Buhle gave the diaries to the SS, who used them to hang Oster, Canaris, and Bonhoeffer at Flossenburg concentration camp.After the war, Dr. Josef Muller had a private audience with Pope Pius XII, who felt as if his own son had returned from terrible danger. Muller then worked as a US intelligence agent, as well as a Bavarian lawyer prosecuting Nazi war criminals who had not been sentenced at Nuremberg. When asked why the Pope had not spoken out publicly against Nazi Germany, Muller said that his anti-Nazi organization has always been very insistent that the Pope should refrain from making any public statement condemning the Nazis.Had the Pope done so, this would have jeopardized the German Catholics working against Hitler. Also, Hitler would have responded to public denunciations with even more brutality, as he always did.
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